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1	"Horseless Carriage" http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=31d4f596-b291-4786-87b9-5b775afdf299&tid=22755840&pid=1383	Family: F706
2	At This Time New Amsterdam was what we now know as New York City, and New Netherland is New York State.	Family: F44868
3	Beccles Parish http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=81ee97d0-2551-4c5a-b48e-b6355279ce0a&tid=22755840&pid=138079 parish-ellough-suffolk-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=fc258ea1-e8dd-4388-9433-e0d7a4d85fd9&tid=22755840&pid=138079	Family: F34156
4	birchington-parish http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=a098cfd0-ef09-41ea-901a-0be6e2bae6ad&tid=22755840&pid=138093 parish-birchington-kent-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=422e264a-52be-48cb-a6a4-596facc931f2&tid=22755840&pid=138093	Family: F37243
5	Canby - Shinn Marriage http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=2db0a299-15fe-4ee3-a646-58279b60fa70&tid=22755840&pid=55127	Family: F20389
6	In the Nebraska 1885 State Census Georgia is living next door to the Shinn family with her Uncle in Syracuse. I would assume that is how these two met.	Family: F11452
7	Other Children http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=420b428b-4b6b-4258-bc0d-2a9ad82167c2&tid=22755840&pid=2267	Family: F1253
8	Other Children http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=bcd48ce9-8cb7-483d-84ee-c862f77c66dc&tid=22755840&pid=2331	Family: F1277
9	Other Children http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=fc6b48fd-30fb-4367-811f-e2d413fd5349&tid=22755840&pid=4343	Family: F1882
10	parish-birchington-kent-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=422e264a-52be-48cb-a6a4-596facc931f2&tid=22755840&pid=138092	Family: F33810
11	St Peters in Carlton http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=97916310-1842-423a-b738-4d152b433313&tid=22755840&pid=138087 parish-carlton-suffolk-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d891779d-1f37-4217-9012-ee28c5cb7095&tid=22755840&pid=138087	Family: F40995
12	St Peters in Carlton http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=97916310-1842-423a-b738-4d152b433313&tid=22755840&pid=138088 parish-carlton-suffolk-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d891779d-1f37-4217-9012-ee28c5cb7095&tid=22755840&pid=138088	Family: F42759
13	St Peters in Carlton http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=97916310-1842-423a-b738-4d152b433313&tid=22755840&pid=138090 parish-carlton-suffolk-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d891779d-1f37-4217-9012-ee28c5cb7095&tid=22755840&pid=138090	Family: F42355
14	St Peters in Carlton http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=97916310-1842-423a-b738-4d152b433313&tid=22755840&pid=138091 parish-carlton-suffolk-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d891779d-1f37-4217-9012-ee28c5cb7095&tid=22755840&pid=138091	Family: F36827
15	stclement-ipswich http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d9211d22-58ef-43f8-b9be-8cfcbd677a76&tid=22755840&pid=138086 parish-ipswich-suffolk-shinn http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=0f37dee8-f6d1-4927-ab3d-b3f60e1211eb&tid=22755840&pid=138086	Family: F41598
16	William had a long-term affair with Alice L. Roosevelt. They never married. Paulina is the biological daughter of the affair, while Nicholas Longworth is only the legal father.	Family: F33933
17	South Carolina Flag of birth http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=3e9c0dd3-1c41-405d-a1a6-deabcba2d2ac&tid=22755840&pid=87130	Aberilla
18	_UID26A54B1D62B1964C846EA40E5CCEBAEF9FD6	Addie
19	_UIDD5DDCC8F928B644A84A81EB4EE68CF817C00	Addie
20	_UID8484D4F8F1A89A46AE3305B0B4B8B7818774	Addra
21	_UID65AE42A57313B242BF794A2DED7528610EA2	Adelaide E
22	Agatha was the wife of Edward the Exile (heir to the throne of England) and mother of Edgar Ã†theling, Saint Margaret of Scotland and Cristina of England. Her antecedents are unclear, and subject to much speculation. Life Nothing is known of her early life, and what speculation has appeared is inextricably linked to the contentious issue of Agatha's paternity, one of the unresolved questions of medieval genealogy. She came to England with her husband and children in 1057, but she was widowed within weeks of arriving. In 1067, following the Norman conquest of England, she fled with her children to Scotland, finding refuge under Malcolm III, who would become her son-in-law. One source gives her last years as a nun at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, dying before circa 1093 [1]. However Symeon of Durham [1] carries what appears to be the last reference to her in 1070.[2] [edit] Medieval sources Agatha's origin is alluded to in numerous surviving medieval sources, but the information they provide is sometimes imprecise, often contradictory, and occasionally outright impossible. The earliest surviving source, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, along with Florence of Worcester's Chronicon ex chronicis and Regalis prosapia Anglorum, Simeon of Durham and Ailred of Rievaulx describe Agatha as a kinswoman of "Emperor Henry" (thaes ceseres maga, filia germani imperatoris Henrici). In an earlier entry, the same Ailred of Rievaulx had called her daughter of emperor Henry, as do later sources of dubious credibility such as the Chronicle of Melrose Abbey, while Matthew of Paris calls her the emperor's sister (soror Henrici imperatoris Romani). Geoffrey Gaimar in Lestoire des Engles states that she was daughter of the Hungarian king and queen (Li reis sa fille), although he places the marriage at a time when Edward is thought still to have been in Kiev, while Orderic Vitalis in Historiae Ecclesiasticae is more specific, naming her father as king Solomon (filiam Salomonis Regis Hunorum), actually a contemporary of Agatha's children. William of Malmesbury in De Gestis Regis Anglorum states that Agatha's sister was a Queen of Hungary (reginae sororem) and is echoed in this by Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, while less precisely, Ailred says of Margaret that she was derived from English and Hungarian royal blood (de semine regio Anglorum et Hungariorum extitit oriunda). Finally, Roger of Howden and the anonymous Leges Edwardi Confessoris indicate that while Edward was a guest of Kievan "king Malesclodus" he married a woman of noble birth (nobili progenio), Leges adding that the mother of St. Margaret was of Russian royal blood (ex genere et sanguine regum Rugorum).[3] [edit] German theories While various sources repeat the claims that Agatha was daughter or sister of either Emperor Henry, it seems unlikely that such a sibling or daughter would have been ignored by the German chroniclers. The description of Agatha as a blood relative of "Emperor Henry" may be applicable to a niece of either Henry II or Henry III, Holy Roman Emperors (although Florence, in Regalis prosapia Anglorum specifies Henry III). Early attempts at reconstructing the relationship focussed on the former. Georgio Pray (1764, Annales Regum Hungariae), O.F. Suhm (1777, Geschichte DÃ¤nmarks, Norwegen und Holsteins) and Istvan Katona (1779, Historia Critica Regum Hungariae) each suggested that Agatha was daughter of Henry II's brother Bruno of Augsburg (an ecclesiastic described as beatae memoriae, with no known issue), while Daniel Cornides (1778, Regum Hungariae) tried to harmonize the German and Hungarian claims, making Agatha daughter of Henry II's sister Giselle of Bavaria, wife of Stephen I of Hungary.[4] This solution remained popular among scholars through a good part of 20th century. Although it's tempting to view St. Margaret as a granddaughter of another famous saint, Stephen of Hungary, this popular solution fails to explain why Stephen's death triggered a dynastic crisis in Hungary. If St. Stephen and Giselle were indeed Agatha's parents, her offspring should have succeeded to the Hungarian crown and the dynastic strife could have been averted. Actually, there is no indication in Hungarian sources that any of Stephen's children outlived him. Likewise, all of the solutions involving Henry II would seem to make Agatha much older than her husband, and prohibitively old at the time of the birth of her son, Edgar. Based on a more strict translation of the Latin description used by Florence and others as well as the supposition that Henry III was the Emperor designated in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, genealogist Szabolcs de Vajay popularized another idea first suggested in 1939.[5]. He hypothesized that Agatha was the daughter of Henry III's elder (uterine) half-brother, Liudolf, Margrave of West Friesland. This did require a reevaluation of the chronology of the marriages and children of Gisela of Swabia, mother of both Henry III and Liudolf. The theory saw broad acceptance for thirty years [6] until Ren??© JettÃ© proposed a Kievan solution to the problem,[7] since which time opinion has been divided among several competing possibilities.[8] [edit] Kievan theory JettÃ© pointed out that William of Malmesbury in De Gestis Regis Anglorum and several later chronicles unambiguously state that Agatha's sister was a Queen of Hungary. From what we know about the biography of Edward the Exile, he loyally supported Andrew I of Hungary, following him from Kiev to Hungary in 1046 and staying at his court for many years. Andrew's wife and queen was Anastasia, a daughter of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev by Ingigerd of Sweden. Following JettÃ©'s logic, Edward's wife was another daughter of Yaroslav. 11th-century fresco representing the daughters of Yaroslav I.This theory accords with the seemingly incongruous statements of Geoffrey Gaimar and Roger of Howden that, while living in Kiev, Edward took a nativeborn wife "of noble parentage" or that his father-in-law was a "Russian king".[9] JettÃ©'s theory seems to be supported by an onomastic argument.[10] Among the medieval royalty, Agatha's rare Greek name is first recorded in the Macedonian dynasty of Byzantium; it was also one of the most frequent feminine names in the Kievan Rurikid dynasty.[11] After Anna of Byzantium married Yaroslav's father, he took the Christian name of the reigning emperor, Basil II, while some members of his family were named after other members of the imperial dynasty. Agatha could have been one of these.[12] The names of Agatha's immediate descendants â€” Margaret, Cristina, David, Alexander â€” were likewise extraordinary for Anglo-Saxon Britain. They may provide a clue to Agatha's origin. The names Margaret and Cristina are today associated with Sweden, the native country of Yaroslav's wife Ingigerd.[13] The name of Margaret's son, David, obviously echoes that of Solomon, the son and heir of Andrew I.[14] Furthermore, the first Russian saint (canonized ca. 1073) was Yaroslav's brother Gleb, whose Christian name was David. The name of Margaret's other son, Alexander, may point to a variety of traditions, both occidental and oriental: the biography of Alexander the Great was one of the most popular books in 11th-century Kiev. One inference from the Kievan theory is that Edgar Atheling and St. Margaret were, through their mother, first cousins of Philip I of France. The connection is too notable to be omitted from contemporary sources, yet we have no indication that medieval chroniclers were aware of it. The argumentum ex silentio leads critics of the Kievan theory to search for alternative explanations. [edit] Bulgarian theory One of the latest theories was proposed by Ian Mladjov.[15] Dismissing the Kievan theory as insufficiently grounded, he infers that Agatha was daughter of Gavril Radomir, Tsar of Bulgaria by his first wife, a Hungarian princess (named Marguerite by some sources), the daughter of Duke GÃ©za of Hungary. This hypothesis has Agatha born in Hungary after her parents divorced, her mother being pregnant when she left Bulgaria, as indicated in Byzantine sources. The argument is based primarily on the onomastic precedent provided by the fact that Gavril Radomir's own mother was also named Agatha,[16] and it vindicates the intimate connection between Agatha and Hungary attested in the Medieval sources. The article reviews the sources, the Hungarian, German, and Kievan theories for Agatha's antecedents, and looks into the contemporary onomastic repertoire, concluding that of the few contemporary Agathas, only Gavril Radomir's mother could possibly have been an ancestor of the wife of Edward the Exile. Some of the other names associated with Agatha and used to corroborate theories based in onomastics are also readily available within the Bulgarian ruling family at the time, including Mary and several Davids. Another aspect of the study is to draw attention to genealogical improbabilities posed by several marriages within the prohibited degrees of kinship, as posited by earlier theories (especially the German and Kievan ones, including the French marriage of Anne of Kiev). The article also re-examines some long-standing assumptions about the chronology of Gavril Radomir's marriage to the Hungarian princess, and concludes that its dating to the late 980s is unsupportable, and its dissolution belongs in c. 1009â€“1014. Comita Nikola Ripsimia of Armenia David Moses Aron Samuil of Bulgaria Agatha Gavril Radomir Theodora Kosara Miroslava Katun Anastazya Agatha This corrected chronology, the clear onomastic precedent, and the lack of problematic genealogical relationships would allow Agatha's identification as the daughter of Saint Stephen's sister Marguerite, raised at the Hungarian court, and married (possibly while in exile in Kievan Rus') to Edward the Exile. It is inferred that the relative familiarity with Germany and unfamiliarity with Hungary partly distorted the depiction of Agatha in the English sources; her actual position would have been that of a daughter of the (unnamed) sister of the King of Hungary (Stephen I), himself the brother-in-law of the Holy Roman Emperor (Henry II, and therefore kinsman of Henry III). [edit] Notes and references ^ Historia Regum, vol.II, pp.190-192 ^ Foundations (Journal of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy), vol.1, no.4, July 2004, pps.302-303, ISSN 1479-5078 ^ RenÃ© JettÃ©. "Is the Mystery of the Origins of Agatha, Wife of Edward the Exile, Finally Solved?", in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. 150 (October 1996), pp. 417-432; Gabriel Ronay, The lost King of England : the East European adventures of Edward the Exile, Woodbridge, Suffolk ; Wolfeboro, N.H., USA : Boydell Press, 1989, ISBN 0-85115-541-3, pp. 109-121. ^ Ronay, The lost King of England, pp. 109-121. ^ Jozsef Herzog, "SkÃ³ciai Szent Margit szÃ¡rmazÃ¡sÃ¡nak kÃ©rdÃ©se" [The problem of St Margaret of Scotland's Scottish origins], in Turul vol. 53 (1939), pp. 1-42; Szabolcs de Vajay. "Agatha, Mother St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland", in Duquesne Review, vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring 1962), pp. 71-80. ^ e.g. Ronay, The lost King of England; Frederick Lewis Weis, Ancestral Roots fo Sixty Colonists who came to New England between 1623 and 1650, 6th edition, Walter Lee Sheppard, ed., p. 3. ^ RenÃ© JettÃ©, "Is the Mystery of the Origins of Agatha, Wife of Edward the Exile, Finally Solved?", in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. 150 (October 1996): 417-432. ^ David Faris and Douglas Richardson supported the Liudolf connection, "The Origin of Agatha-The Debate Continues: The Parents of Agatha, Wife of Edward The Exile" in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. 152, (April 1998). Norman Ingham supported JettÃ© in two articles: "A Slavist's View of Agatha, Wife of Edward the Exile, as a Possible Daughter of Yaroslav the Wise" in New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. 152 (1998), pp. 216-23; "Has a Missing Daughter of Iaroslav Mudryi Been Found?" in Russian History, vol. 25 (1998 [pub. 1999]), pp. 231-70. Scottish genealogist and antiquarian, Gregory Lauder-Frost, summarised numerous early sources and the various theories: "Agatha-The Ancestry Dispute", in The Scottish Genealogist, Vol. 49, No.3 (September 2002), pp. 71-72. He discounts de Vajay's theories and leans towards Saint Stephen as her father. ^ It has been suggested that Agatha is one of four or five Yaroslav's daughters represented next to him in the famous 11th-century fresco in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. It is known that Yaroslav's other daughters married Henri I of France and Harald III of Norway. At the time of their marriages, both Harald and Andrew were â€” just like Edward â€” the landless pretenders to foreign thrones, who found shelter and support in distant but powerful Kiev. ^ Pointedly criticized by John Carmi Parsons in his article "Edward the Aetheling's Wife, Agatha", in The Plantagenet Connection, Summer/Winter 2002, pp. 31-54. Donald C. Jackman, "A Greco-Roman Onomastic Fund", in Onomastique et Parente dans l'Occident medieval, Prosographica et Genealogica, Vol. 3 (2000), pp. 14-56, shows several genealogical groupings of individuals in Germany at this time, including Agatha, with seemingly Eastern names. He indicates several possible sources (e.g. the marriages of Emperor Otto II and of Vladimir I of Kiev, and the supposed marriage of Emperor Louis the Blind, to Byzantine brides) for the introduction of these names into the western European dynasties. ^ А.Ф. Литвина, Ф.Б. Успенский. Выбор имени у русских князей в X-XVI вв.: Династическая история сквозь призму антропонимики. Moscow: Indrik, 2006. ISBN 5-85759-339-5. Page 463. ^ According to one theory, Agatha was not a daughter but sister of Yaroslav. Indeed, the last wife of Yaroslav's father, Vladimir I, seems to have been a German princess, who could have been described as "filia germani imperatoris Henrici". It is generally accepted that their daughter Dobronega married Casimir I of Poland about the same year when Edward is thought to have married Agatha (judging by the date when their eldest child was born). If Agatha was Yaroslav's sister (rather than daughter as Jette thought), she would still have close ties to the Hungarian royal family. For instance, one of Yaroslav's sisters was the wife of Ladislas the Bald, a paternal uncle of Andrew I. ^ It has been argued that Ingigerd's original Christian name was Margaret. Whatever the truth, the names Margaret and Cristina were not explicitly recorded in Sweden before the 12th century. For details, see: Ф.Б. Успенский. Скандинавы - Варяги - Русь: Историко-филологические очерки. Moscow, 2002. Pages 60-61. ^ Andrew's second son was actually named David. Current scholarship traces these names to the famous oration of Ilarion of Kiev, in which he likened Vladimir (i.e., grandfather of Andrew's wife) to the victorious David and Yaroslav (i.e., Andrew's father-in-law) to the wise Solomon. The comparison became so popular that later historians assigned to Yaroslav the sobriquet "Wise". ^ Mladjov, Ian. "Reconsidering Agatha, Wife of Eadward the Exile", in The Plantagenet Connection, vol. 11, Summer/Winter 2003, pp. 1-85. See also a summary in "The Bulgarian Descent of HM Simeon II", in Sega: April 13, 2002 and here. ^ Her father was a Dyrrachian notable, Ioannes Khrysilios. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha%2C_wife_of_Edward_the_Exile"	Agatha
23	Also Known As:<_AKA> /Shene/ Ancestral File Number: MGGK-DG _UIDE13D10BA9BC3634D996E9DCF7F4D0D6AAC17	Agnes
24	Could be the daughter of Alan of Cornwall	Agnes
25	_UID6E8A605286F8934499AEC4CEE2535355B516	Agnes
26	_UID227388422C054540821936EA53592A8A30AA	Aibbeen
27	Also Known As:<_AKA> /Bertie/ _UIDDDE160D2F56ED1449B213F841B5C24D75919	Alberta M "Bertie"
28	_UID48692A7381803B4EB588F7047D0B3C2D015A	Aldania Sarah
29	Childhood Further information: House of Wessex family tree Alfred was born sometime between 847 and 849 at Wantage in the present-day ceremonial county of Oxfordshire (then in the historic county of Berkshire). He was the fifth and youngest son of King Aethelwulf of Wessex, by his first wife, Osburga. In 868 Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Ethelred Mucill, who is called ealdorman of the Gaini, an unidentified district.[2] At five years old, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king." Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, this coronation could not have been foreseen at the time, since Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a 'consul' and a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion.[3] It may also be based on Alfred later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome and spending some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854-855. On their return from Rome in 856, Ethelwulf was deposed by his son Ethelbald. Ethelwulf died in 858, and Wessex was ruled by three of Alfred's brothers in succession. Asser tells the story about how as a child Alfred won a prize of a volume of poetry in English, offered by his mother to the first of her children able to memorize it. This story may be true, or it may be a myth designed to illustrate the young Alfred's love of learning. Other sources indicate that Alfred was the youngest of five sons.[1] [edit] Under Ethelred During the short reigns of his two eldest brothers, Ethelbald and Ethelbert, Alfred is not mentioned. However with the accession of the third brother, Ethelred I, in 866, the public life of Alfred began. It is during this period that Asser applies to him the unique title of 'secundarius,' which may indicate a position akin to that of the Celtic tanist, a recognized successor closely associated with the reigning monarch. It is possible that this arrangement was sanctioned by the Witenagemot, to guard against the danger of a disputed succession should Ethelred fall in battle. The arrangement of crowning a successor as Royal prince and military commander is well-known among Germanic tribes, such as the Swedes and Franks, with whom the Anglo-Saxons had close ties. In 868, Alfred, fighting beside his brother Ethelred, unsuccessfully attempted to keep the invading Danes out of the adjoining kingdom of Mercia. For nearly two years, Wessex was spared attacks because Alfred paid the Vikings to leave him alone. However, at the end of 870, the Danes arrived in his homeland. The year that followed has been called "Alfred's year of battles". Nine martial engagements were fought with varying fortunes, though the place and date of two of the battles have not been recorded. In Berkshire, a successful skirmish at the Battle of Englefield, on 31 December 870, was followed by a severe defeat at the Siege and Battle of Reading, on 5 January 871, and then, four days later, a brilliant victory at the Battle of Ashdown on the Berkshire Downs, possibly near Compton or Aldworth. Alfred is particularly credited with the success of this latter conflict. However, later that month, on 22 January, the English were again defeated at Basing and, on the following 22 March at the Battle of Merton (perhaps Marden in Wiltshire or Martin in Dorset). The two unidentified battles may also have occurred in between. [edit] King at war In April 871, King Ethelred died, and Alfred succeeded to the throne of Wessex and the burden of its defence, despite the fact that Ethelred left two young sons. Although contemporary turmoil meant the accession of Alfred â€” an adult with military experience and patronage resources â€” over his nephews went unchallenged, he remained obliged to secure their property rights. While he was busy with the burial ceremonies for his brother, the Danes defeated the English in his absence at an unnamed spot, and then again in his presence at Wilton in May. Following this, peace was made and, for the next five years, the Danes occupied other parts of England. However, in 876, under their new leader, Guthrum, the enemy slipped past the English army and attacked Wareham in Dorset. From there, early in 877, and under the pretext of talks, they moved westwards and took Exeter in Devon. There, Alfred blockaded them, and with a relief fleet having been scattered by a storm, the Danes were forced to submit. They withdrew to Mercia but, in January 878, made a sudden attack on Chippenham, a royal stronghold in which Alfred had been staying over Christmas, "and most of the people they reduced, except the King Alfred, and he with a little band made his way by wood and swamp, and after Easter he made a fort at Athelney, and from that fort kept fighting against the foe" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). Statue of Alfred the Great at WinchesterA popular legend tells how, when he first fled to the Somerset Levels, Alfred was given shelter by a peasant woman who, unaware of his identity, left him to watch some cakes she had left cooking on the fire. Preoccupied with the problems of his kingdom, Alfred accidentally let the cakes burn and was taken to task by the woman upon her return. Upon realizing the king's identity, the woman apologised profusely, but Alfred insisted that he was the one who needed to apologise. From his fort at Athelney, a marshy island near North Petherton, Alfred was able to mount an effective resistance movement while rallying the local militia from Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire. Another story relates how Alfred disguised himself as a minstrel in order to gain entry to Guthrum's camp and discover his plans. This supposedly led to the Battle of Edington, near Westbury in Wiltshire. The result was a decisive victory for Alfred. The Danes submitted and, according to Asser, Guthrum and twenty-nine of his chief men received baptism when they signed the Treaty of Wedmore. As a result, England became split in two: the southwestern half was kept by the Saxons, and the northeastern half including London, thence known as the Danelaw, was kept by the Vikings. By the following year (879), both Wessex and Mercia, west of Watling Street, were cleared of the invaders. For the next few years there was peace, with the Danes being kept busy in Europe. A landing in Kent in 884 or 885 close to Plucks Gutter, though successfully repelled, encouraged the East Anglian Danes to rise up. The measures taken by Alfred to repress this uprising culminated in the taking of London in 885 or 886, and an agreement was reached between Alfred and Guthrum, known as the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum. Once more, for a time, there was a lull, but in the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes attacked again. Finding their position in Europe somewhat precarious, they crossed to England in 330 ships in two divisions. They entrenched themselves, the larger body at Appledore, Kent, and the lesser, under Haesten, at Milton also in Kent. The invaders brought their wives and children with them, indicating a meaningful attempt at conquest and colonisation. Alfred, in 893 or 894, took up a position from whence he could observe both forces. While he was in talks with Haesten, the Danes at Appledore broke out and struck northwestwards. They were overtaken by Alfred's eldest son, Edward, and were defeated in a general engagement at Farnham in Surrey. They were obliged to take refuge on an island in the Hertfordshire Colne, where they were blockaded and were ultimately compelled to submit. The force fell back on Essex and, after suffering another defeat at Benfleet, coalesced with Haesten's force at Shoebury. Alfred had been on his way to relieve his son at Thorney when he heard that the Northumbrian and East Anglian Danes were besieging Exeter and an unnamed stronghold on the North Devon shore. Alfred at once hurried westward and raised the Siege of Exeter. The fate of the other place is not recorded. Meanwhile the force under Haesten set out to march up the Thames Valley, possibly with the idea of assisting their friends in the west. But they were met by a large force under the three great ealdormen of Mercia, Wiltshire and Somerset, and made to head off to the northwest, being finally overtaken and blockaded at Buttington. Some identify this with Buttington Tump at the mouth of the Wye River, others with Buttington near Welshpool. An attempt to break through the English lines was defeated. Those who escaped retreated to Shoebury. Then after collecting reinforcements they made a sudden dash across England and occupied the ruined Roman walls of Chester. The English did not attempt a winter blockade but contented themselves with destroying all the supplies in the neighbourhood. Early in 894 (or 895), want of food obliged the Danes to retire once more to Essex. At the end of this year and early in 895 (or 896), the Danes drew their ships up the Thames and Lea and fortified themselves twenty miles (32 km) north of London. A direct attack on the Danish lines failed, but later in the year, Alfred saw a means of obstructing the river so as to prevent the egress of the Danish ships. The Danes realised that they were out-manoeuvred. They struck off northwestwards and wintered at Bridgenorth. The next year, 896 (or 897), they gave up the struggle. Some retired to Northumbria, some to East Anglia. Those who had no connections in England withdrew to the Continent. The long campaign was over. [edit] Reorganisation After the dispersal of the Danish invaders, Alfred turned his attention to the increase of the royal navy, partly to repress the ravages of the Northumbrian and East Anglian Danes on the coasts of Wessex, and to prevent the landing of fresh invaders. This is not, as often asserted, the beginning of the English navy. There had been earlier naval operations under Alfred. One naval engagement was fought under Aethelwulf in 851, and earlier ones, possibly in 833 and 840. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, however, does credit Alfred with the construction of a new type of ship, built according to the king's own designs, "swifter, steadier and also higher/more responsive (hierran) than the others". However, these new ships do not seem to have been a great success, as we hear of them grounding in action and foundering in a storm. Nevertheless both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy claim Alfred as the founder of their traditions. The first vessel ever commissioned into the Continental Navy, precursor to the United States Navy, was named the USS Alfred. Alfred's main fighting force, the fyrd, was separated into two, "so that there was always half at home and half out" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). The level of organisation required to mobilise his large army in two shifts, of which one was feeding the other, must have been considerable. The complexity which Alfred's administration had attained by 892 is demonstrated by a reasonably reliable charter whose witness list includes a thesaurius, cellararius and pincernaâ€”treasurer, food-keeper and butler. Despite the irritation which Alfred must have felt in 893, when one division, which had "completed their call-up (stemn)", gave up the siege of a Danish army just as Alfred was moving to relieve them, this system seems to have worked remarkably well on the whole. One of the weaknesses of pre-Alfredian defences had been that, in the absence of a standing army, fortresses were largely left unoccupied, making it very possible for a Viking force to quickly secure a strong strategic position. Alfred substantially upgraded the state of the defences of Wessex, by erecting fortified burhs (or boroughs) throughout the kingdom. During the systematic excavation of at least four of these (at Wareham, Cricklade, Lydford and Wallingford) it has been demonstrated that "in every case the rampart associated by the excavators with the borough of the Alfredian period was the primary defence on the site" (Brooks). The obligations for the upkeep and defence of these and many other sites, with permanent garrisons, are further documented in surviving transcripts of the administrative manuscript known as the Burghal Hidage. Dating from, at least, within twenty years of Alfred's death, if not actually from his reign, it almost certainly reflects Alfredian policy. Comparison of town plans for Wallingford and Wareham with that of Winchester, shows "that they were laid out in the same scheme" (Wormald), thus supporting the proposition that these newly established burhs were also planned as centres of habitation and trade as well as a place of safety in moments of immediate danger. Thereafter, the English population and its wealth were drawn into such towns where it was not only safer from Viking soldiers, but also taxable by the King. Alfred is thus credited with a significant degree of civil reorganisation, especially in the districts ravaged by the Danes. Even if one rejects the thesis crediting the 'Burghal Hidage' to Alfred, what is undeniable is that, in the parts of Mercia acquired by Alfred from the Vikings, the shire system seems now to have been introduced for the first time. This is probably what prompted the legend that Alfred was the inventor of shires, hundreds and tithings. Alfred's care for the administration of justice is testified both by history and legend; and he has gained the popular title 'protector of the poor'. Of the actions of the Witangemot, we do not hear very much under Alfred. He was certainly anxious to respect its rights, but both the circumstances of the time and the character of the king would have tended to throw more power into his hands. The legislation of Alfred probably belongs to the later part of the reign, after the pressure of the Danes had relaxed. He also paid attention to the country's finances, though details are lacking. Alfred eventhough he was one of the best kings ever was very close to defeat. [edit] Foreign relations Asser speaks grandiosely of Alfred's relations with foreign powers, but little definite information is available. His interest in foreign countries is shown by the insertions which he made in his translation of Orosius. He certainly corresponded with Elias III, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and possibly sent a mission to India. Contact was also made with the Caliph in Baghdad. Embassies to Rome conveying the English alms to the Pope were fairly frequent. Around 890, Wulfstan of Haithabu undertook a journey from Haithabu on Jutland along the Baltic Sea to the Prussian trading town of Truso. Alfred ensured he reported to him details of his trip. Alfred's relations with the Celtic princes in the western half of Britain are clearer. Comparatively early in his reign, according to Asser, the southern Welsh princes, owing to the pressure on them of North Wales and Mercia, commended themselves to Alfred. Later in the reign the North Welsh followed their example, and the latter cooperated with the English in the campaign of 893 (or 894). That Alfred sent alms to Irish as well as to European monasteries may be taken on Asser's authority. The visit of the three pilgrim 'Scots' (i.e., Irish) to Alfred in 891 is undoubtedly authentic. The story that he himself in his childhood was sent to Ireland to be healed by Saint Modwenna, though mythical, may show Alfred's interest in that island. [edit] Legal reform Main article: Doom book Alfred the Greatâ€™s most enduring work was his legal code, called Deemings, or Book of Dooms (Book of Laws). Sir Winston Churchill observed that Alfred blended the Mosaic Law, Celtic Law, and old customs of the pagan Anglo-Saxons.[4] Lee, F. N. traced the parallels between Alfredâ€™s Code and the Mosaic Code.[5] However, as Thomas Jefferson concluded after tracing the history of English common law: "The common law existed while the Anglo-Saxons were yet pagans, at a time when they had never yet heard the name of Christ pronounced or that such a character existed".[6] Churchill stated that Alfredâ€™s Code was amplified by his successors and grew into the body of Customary Law administered by the Shire and The Hundred Courts. This led to the Charter of Liberties, granted by Henry I of England, AD 1100. [edit] Religion and culture Knowledge of the Church under Alfred is patchy; the Danish attacks had affected the church, with monasteries being especial points of attack, and though Alfred founded two or three monasteries and brought foreign monks to England, there was no general revival of monasticism under him. To the ruin of learning and education wrought by the Danes, and the practical extinction of the knowledge of Latin even among the clergy, the preface to Alfred's translation into Old English of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care bears eloquent if not impartial witness. It was to remedy these evils that he established a court school, after the example of Charlemagne; for this he imported scholars like Grimbald and John the Saxon from Europe and Asser from South Wales; for this, above all, he put himself to school, and made the series of translations for the instruction of his clergy and people, most of which yet survive. These belong unquestionably to the later part of his reign, likely to the last four years, during which the chronicles are almost silent. Apart from the lost Handboc or Encheiridion, which seems to have been merely a commonplace book kept by the king, the earliest work to be translated was the Dialogues of Gregory, a book greatly popular in the Middle Ages. In this case the translation was made by Alfred's great friend Werferth, Bishop of Worcester, the king merely furnishing a foreword. The next work to be undertaken was Gregory's Pastoral Care, especially for the good of the parish clergy. In this Alfred keeps very close to his original; but the introduction which he prefixed to it is one of the most interesting documents of the reign, or indeed of English history. The next two works taken in hand were historical, the Universal History of Orosius and Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. The priority should likely be given to the Orosius, but the point has been much debated. In the Orosius, by omissions and additions, Alfred so remodels his original as to produce an almost new work; in the Bede the author's text is closely stuck to, no additions being made, though most of the documents and some other less interesting matters are omitted. Of late years doubts have been raised as to Alfred's authorship of the Bede translation. But the sceptics cannot be regarded as having proved their point. Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius was the most popular philosophical handbook of the Middle Ages. Here again Alfred deals very freely with his original and though the late Dr. G. Schepss showed that many of the additions to the text are to be traced not to Alfred himself, but to the glosses and commentaries which he used, still there is much in the work which is solely Alfred's and highly characteristic of his genius. It is in the Boethius that the oft-quoted sentence occurs: "My will was to live worthily as long as I lived, and after my life to leave to them that should come after, my memory in good works." The book has come down to us in two manuscripts only. In one of these[7] the writing is prose, in the other[8] a combination of prose and alliterating verse. The latter manuscript was severely damaged in the 18th and 19th centuries,[9] and the authorship of the verse has been much disputed; but likely it also is by Alfred. In fact, he writes in the prelude that he first created a prose work and then used it as the basis for his poem, the Lays of Boethius, his crowning literary achievement. He spent a great deal of time working on these books, which he tells us he gradually wrote through the many stressful times of his reign to refresh his mind. Of the authenticity of the work as a whole there has never been any doubt. The last of Alfred's works is one to which he gave the name Blostman, i.e., "Blooms" or Anthology. The first half is based mainly on the Soliloquies of St Augustine of Hippo, the remainder is drawn from various sources, and contains much that is Alfred's own and highly characteristic of him. The last words of it may be quoted; they form a fitting epitaph for the noblest of English kings. "Therefore he seems to me a very foolish man, and truly wretched, who will not increase his understanding while he is in the world, and ever wish and long to reach that endless life where all shall be made clear." Beside these works of Alfred's, the Saxon Chronicle almost certainly, and a Saxon Martyrology, of which fragments only exist, probably owe their inspiration to him. A prose version of the first fifty Psalms has been attributed to him; and the attribution, though not proved, is perfectly possible. Additionally, Alfred appears as a character in The Owl and the Nightingale, where his wisdom and skill with proverbs is attested. Additionally, The Proverbs of Alfred, which exists for us in a thirteenth century manuscript contains sayings that very likely have their origins partly with the king. Main article: Alfred Jewel The Alfred jewel, discovered in Somerset in 1693, has long been associated with King Alfred because of its Old English inscription "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN" (Alfred Ordered Me To Be Made). This relic, of unknown use, certainly dates from Alfred's reign but it is possibly just one of several that once existed. The inscription does little to clarify the identity of the central figure which has long been believed to depict God or Christ. [edit] Family In 868, Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Aethelred Mucill, who is called Ealdorman of the Gaini, the people from the Gainsborough region of Lincolnshire. She appears to have been the maternal granddaughter of a King of Mercia. They had five or six children together, including Edward the Elder, who succeeded his father as King of Wessex; Ethelfleda, who would become Queen of Mercia in her own right, and Ã†lfthryth (alias Elfrida) who married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders. Name Birth Death Notes Ã†lfthryth 929 Married Baldwin, Count of Flanders; had issue Ethelfleda 918 Married 889, Earl Aethelred of Mercia; had issue. Ethelgiva Abbess of Shaftesbury Edward 17 July 924 Married (1) Ecgwynn, (2) Ã†lfflÃ¦d, (3) 919 Edgiva Ã†thelwÃ¦rd 16 October 922 Married and had issue [edit] Death and burial Alfred died on October 26th. The actual year is not certain, but it was not necessarily 901 as stated in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. How he died is unknown. He was originally buried temporarily in the Old Minster in Winchester, then moved to the New Minster (perhaps built especially to receive his body). When the New Minster moved to Hyde, a little north of the city, in 1110, the monks transferred to Hyde Abbey along with Alfred's body. His grave was apparently excavated during the building of a new prison in 1788 and the bones scattered. However, bones found on a similar site in the 1860s were also declared to be Alfred's and later buried in Hyde churchyard. Extensive excavations in 1999 revealed what is believed to be his grave-cut, that of his wife Eahlswith, and that of their son Edward the Elder but barely any human remains.[10] [edit] Veneration Alfred is regarded as a hero of the Christian Church in the Anglican Communion, with a feast day of 26 October,[11] and may often be found depicted in stained glass in Church of England parish churches. Also, Alfred University was named after him; a large statue of his likeness is in the center of campus. Alfred the Great (also Ã†lfred from the Old English Ã†lfrēd, pronounced [ˈÃ¦lfreːd]) (c. 849 â€“ 26 October 899) was king of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the kingdom against the Danish Vikings, becoming the only English king to be awarded the epithet "the Great".[1] Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons." Details of his life are discussed in a work by the Welsh scholar, Asser. A learned man, Alfred encouraged education and improved the kingdom's law system.	Alfred "the Great" (House of Wessex)
30	1667, Oct 11to Nov 9 estimated [left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]b[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]death of Alice Coghill[left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]/b[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark] based on Oct 11 deed signed by [left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]b[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]James and Alice Coghill[left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]/b[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]; deeds signed by him Nov 9 and Dec 18 were not signed by [left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]b[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]Alice, suggesting her death between Oct 11 and Nov this year[left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]/b[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]. It's proven Alice died before May 1673 when "Mary" relinquishes dower rights in land sold by James. [[left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]u[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]The Family of Coghill[left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]/u[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]. Middleton genealogy says James & Alice had: [left-pointing double-angle quotation mark]b[right-pointing double-angle quotation mark]William, James, David and Margaret	Alice
31	Also Known As:<_AKA> /Shene/ Ancestral File Number: MGGJ-69 _UID0C79F7EC0E509548A18372763C0EE9C6A810	Alice
32	Ancestral File Number: 5601-ZP _UID1B2193AC6D576C47A17F7E4A4052B488A8C2 died-1700 http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=7fd2119c-a6fd-4c12-b15b-b6e804fddefc&tid=22755840&pid=38803 born-1625 http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=d4590665-8ddd-43c4-9da0-d3fb7833fc62&tid=22755840&pid=38803	Alice
33	Ancestral File Number: MGGH-D6 _UID587FBA310A9EAC48AC2BB052559667961FDD	Alice
34	Ancestral File Number: XMQ4-QV _UID9BF6D961CC4A384D9EBB8B55B80183B89321	Alice
35	Possibly born Bradfield, Yorkshire, England Ancestral File Number: B6D0-L3 _UID3241B2EB1EF3484DBDFFB0DD6F3EB521824B	Alice
36	Title: Marian Franklin (owl@mcn.org)	Alice
37	_UID0264BE73697ACB41857D6181AED08DF2672A	Alice
38	_UID09034F1AE1A6894EBF5F2F4332389A79E03E	Alice
39	_UID4E84E05EA8A0FB4E94CD13440FD42481E170	Alice
40	_UID686C169E4AD4244A94234FDBA23A54799EB1	Alice
41	_UID750DD93819F18E44BB7EBB1C445836A1F29D	Alice
42	_UID9C077DF33F8C454A961E07631A0F1038FC22	Alice
43	_UIDA5D8A2863C26024E9A114E6F0BA6753B206F	Alice
44	_UIDC631EC4D108C7843A1F181760ABFCF19C1EE	Alice
45	_UIDD1A4A40E26529B429F6DF48B61B59A580F99	Alice
46	_UID4CBEDA8C82FDB144A95864E8AA178450C604	Alice H
47	_UIDC39EBF86066E8841B2E114A7E211048EB610	Alice M
48	Social Security Number: 190-36-1292 The state listed in the birth locality field is where the Social Security Number was issued. The zip code listed inthe death locality field is the last place of residence. Death Residence Localities ZIP Code: 19144 Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [BrÃÆ’Ã†â€™Ãâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃÆ’Ã¢â‚¬Â ÃÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢ÃÆ’Ã†â€™ÃÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…Â¡ÃÆ’Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãâ€šÃ‚Â¸derbund Family Archive #17, Ed. 1, BirthRecords: UnitedStates/Europe, Birth Records AAI Birth Records Extraction, DateofImport: Mar 12, 2004, Internal Ref. #1.17.1.29928.43] Individual: Shinn, Alida Birth date: May 24, 1876 Birth place: PA CD# 110 _UID7ED1AE4D92E6BF44B02162F54FCA78A826CE	Alida May
49	_UIDDFA00C307D44094781B72D53FA8F250335A1	Allesa
50	_UID5CFBBDD165007847B8A311144143A56D1FD6	Alma E